Por Ing. Mercedes Canese mercanese@gmail.com
Anexo C, situación e impacto para la región. Antecedentes: En 1965 Brasil invade Puerto Renato, intentando apoderarse de los Saltos del Guairá. Eran tiempos de dictadura militar en ambos países, pero la ciudadanía paraguaya salió a las calles, reclamando el respeto a nuestra soberanía. Gracias a la movilización popular se firma el Acta de Foz de Yguazú, donde se reconocen los derechos de Paraguay en partes iguales con Brasil, con derecho preferente de adquisición de la energía que no utilicemos a Brasil, a justo precio.
En 1973 se firmó el Tratado de Itaipú. Esta vez, el Tratado fue negociado entre cuatro paredes, y ya sabemos el resultado. Itaipu no sirvió para nuestro desarrollo, ni industrialización, es más, nos des-industrializamos, a diferencia de Sao Paulo, estado brasileño que se industrializó con nuestra energía, región donde muchos compatriotas, hasta hoy trabajan, con la energía paraguaya, pero en el extranjero.
Entre los puntos muy cuestionados, se estableció que la revisión del Anexo C «(…) será después de transcurridos 50 años de la puesta en vigencia del Tratado (…)» ¡Qué locura! ¡Esperar 50 años para cambiar tan injustos términos que intentan arrebatarnos nuestra soberanía! Ese plazo de locura, es el que se cumple ahora nomás, dentro de un poco más de un año, el 14 de agosto de 2023.
¿Qué se juega en el 2023?
El Tratado está compuesto por un cuerpo principal y tres anexos: A, B y C. El Anexo C es el más importante porque establece las condiciones técnicas y económicas de la explotación de Itaipú. Es ahí, donde se establecieron las condiciones más injustas para Paraguay.
La soberanía hidroeléctrica
Lo más importante para el 2023 es que Paraguay ejerza la soberanía hidroeléctrica sobre su 50% de energía. Esto es, consumir toda la energía que sea útil para su desarrollo y exportar los excedentes a precio de mercado, al mejor comprador, dando a Brasil el «Derecho de Preferencia» como establece el Acta de Foz de Yguazú.
Hoy los precios de la energía están muy altos y con una tendencia a continuar así hasta que termine la sequía –por tercer año consecutivo– y baje el precio del petróleo. Argentina y Uruguay estuvieron exportando electricidad a Brasil a más de 200 US$/MWh. Argentina, para más, exportó nuestra energía de Yacyretá, como suya. ¿Cuánto nos pagan esos países por nuestra energía, a nosotros, que somos los únicos con genuinos excedentes eléctricos, además renovables, en toda la región? No más de 54 US$/MWh, apenas ¡1/4 parte!
Paraguay es el 3er exportador mundial neto de electricidad.
Fuente: https://elordenmundial.com/mapas-y-graficos/mapa-comercio-electricidad-mundo/
Aún con precios del petróleo menores, el precio promedio histórico de mercado no es inferior a 100 US$/MWh. Es decir, que Paraguay podría pasar de una modesta renta eléctrica de 360 millones de US$/año por la venta de energía (la compensación por cesión de energía) a una renta adicional de 1.800 millones de US$/año. Esta renta es decreciente, pues irá disminuyendo a medida que más usemos nuestra energía.
La deuda cero
Paraguay también debe reclamar la deuda cero de Itaipú, que está acordada entre ambos países para el 2023, pero que ya debió ser cero desde 2008, pues hoy seguimos pagando una deuda espuria declarada ilegal por la Contraloría General de la República en el 2021. Ahí se puede disponer de otros 1.000 millones de US$/año para Paraguay e igual cantidad para Brasil.
Sumado a la renta eléctrica actual (en el orden de los 700 millones de US$, incluyendo además de la compensación otros beneficios como royalties y otros), Paraguay podría contar con una renta eléctrica total de 3.500 millones de US$/año, que cuando utilicemos toda la energía quedará en 1300 millones de US$/año
El buen uso de la renta eléctrica
No sólo debemos luchar por conquistar la soberanía hidroeléctrica, con la participación activa de la ciudadanía, sino que debemos luchar para que esta fabulosa renta eléctrica no sea un negocio privado como se intentó con el Acta Secreta.
Por último, debemos definir el mejor uso de la renta eléctrica. No caer en el «rentismo», no dejar que sustituya impuestos de los sectores con más renta y más riqueza, pues se trata de una renta temporal, que debe servirnos para desarrollarnos sin endeudamiento.
Es por eso que como campaña Itaipu 2023 Causa Nacional proponemos utilizar estos recursos para (1) La infraestructura de la ANDE, tener un servicio de primer nivel, trifásicado, sin cortes, con potencia suficiente; (2) Transporte eléctrico de pasajeros y cargas: (3) Desarrollo científico y tecnológico; (4) Recomposición de los ecosistemas dañados especialmente en la cuenca de las hidroeléctricas; (5) Reforma Agraria para contar con alimentos sanos en nuestras mesas; (6) Inversiones importantes en agua y alcantarillado, hospitales, centros educativos, viviendas sociales. En resumen, para un desarrollo autónomo de nuestro país, sin endeudamiento.
¿Qué hacer?
Lo primero es informarnos, analizar, debatir. Segundo formarnos, manifestarnos, participar, y exigir que Mario Abdo Benítez prep
are a nuestro país para ejercer la soberanía (terminar las obras eléctricas para acceder al 100% de nuestra energía, enviar el informe de la Contraloría sobre la deuda a Brasil). Tercero, recordar que en el 2023 no sólo elegimos un nuevo presidente, nuevos parlamentarios y gobernadores; en el 2023 elegimos a quiénes revisarán a favor del pueblo (o no) el Anexo C de Itaipú.
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